Introduction
Male infertility is a major global health concern, contributing to approximately half of all infertility cases worldwide. Despite its prevalence, male infertility remains underdiagnosed due to limited awareness and persistent social stigma. Andrology provides the scientific and clinical foundation necessary to understand and manage male reproductive failure effectively.
Causes of Male Infertility
Male infertility can be categorized into pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes. Common etiological factors include hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, trauma, exposure to environmental toxins, and lifestyle-related factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and chronic stress.
Sperm abnormalities related to concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA integrity are key determinants of fertility potential.
Diagnostic Evaluation
A comprehensive andrological evaluation begins with a detailed medical and reproductive history, erotic evaluation, followed by physical examination and semen analysis. Additional investigations may include hormonal profiling, scrotal ultrasonography, genetic testing, and advanced sperm function assays.
Therapeutic Approaches
Treatment strategies depend on the underlying cause and may include medical therapy, surgical intervention, lifestyle modification, or assisted reproductive technologies. Andrology emphasizes individualized treatment plans to restore natural fertility whenever possible.
Conclusion
Male infertility is a complex, multifactorial condition. Andrology offers evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that improve reproductive outcomes and psychological health.